Earth movement

Here’s a clear and complete summary of the folding process:

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FOLDING PROCESS

Definition

Folding is the bending of rock layers due to compressional forces when tectonic plates move towards each other.

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How Folding Happens

1. Deposition of sediments → Over millions of years, sediments accumulate in horizontal layers.

2. Compression begins → Tectonic plate movement exerts horizontal pressure on the layers.

3. Rock layers bend → If rocks are ductile (flexible) and the pressure is gradual, they bend instead of breaking.

4. Fold structures form:

Anticlines → upward arch folds.

Synclines → downward trough folds.

5. Continued compression → Can produce mountain ranges (fold mountains).

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Types of Folds

Simple fold – symmetrical anticline and syncline.

Asymmetrical fold – one limb steeper than the other.

Overfold – one limb pushed over the other.

Recumbent fold – fold on its side.

Nappe – extreme overfold where layers are thrust over long distances.

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Landforms from Folding

Fold mountains (e.g., Himalayas, Alps).

Intermontane basins and plateaus.

Ridges and valleys in fold belts.

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Conditions Favouring Folding

High compressional forces.

Presence of soft, ductile rocks (like shale).

Gradual application of pressure.

High temperatures and pressures deep within the crust.

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If you want, I can also give you a simple diagram + memory trick to remember all types of folds for exams. That would make it stick instantly.